Sephardic Jews settled in the city after their expulsion from Spain and Portugal in 1492 and 1497. [134][135], The Atatrk Airport corridor is another such edge city-style business, residential and shopping corridor with over 900,000m2 (9,700,000sqft) of class-A office space. [58] Constantinople's churches, defenses, and basic services were in disrepair,[59] and its population had dwindled to a hundred thousand from half a million during the 8th century. 3C higher average maximum temperature? [301] At the behest of Suleiman the Magnificent, the Krkeme water supply network was constructed; by 1563, the network provided 4,200 cubic meters (150,000cuft) of water to 158 sites each day. This moderates temperature swings and produces a mild temperate climate with low diurnal temperature variation. [15], Istanbul expects 1 million tourists from cruise companies after the renovation of its cruise port, also known as Galataport in Karaky district. [17][148], There are traces of the Byzantine era throughout the city, from ancient churches that were built over early Christian meeting places like the Hagia Irene, the Chora Church, the Monastery of Stoudios, the Church of Sts. The most native taxa were in the Asteraceae family (50 species), while the most diverse exotic plant family was Rosaceae (16 species).[361]. [191], Istanbul has been a cosmopolitan city throughout much of its history, but it has become more homogenized since the end of the Ottoman era. [214][215][216], Politically, Istanbul is seen as the most important administrative region in Turkey. In English the stress is on the first or last syllable, but in Turkish it is on the second syllable (-tan-). [54][55], Constantinople began to decline continuously after the end of the reign of Basil II in 1025. [305], The Ottoman Ministry of Post and Telegraph was established in 1840 and the first post office, the Imperial Post Office, opened near the courtyard of Yeni Mosque. It is located at the southern tip of the U.S. state of New York. Based on state register data, which is unchangeable and inhereted from the family. [90] The threat of major earthquakes plays a large role in the city's infrastructure development, with over 500,000[90] vulnerable buildings demolished and replaced since 2012. [137] At present, some gecekondu areas are being gradually demolished and replaced by modern mass-housing compounds. The Municipal Council is responsible for citywide issues, including managing the budget, maintaining civic infrastructure, and overseeing museums and major cultural centers. [171][172], District councils are chiefly responsible for waste management and construction projects within their respective districts. The rents are extremely high. [340] The city's main cruise ship terminal is the Port of Istanbul in Karaky, with a capacity of 10,000 passengers per hour. [181], The Turkish Statistical Institute estimates that the population of Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality was 15,519,267 at the end of 2019, hosting 19 percent of the country's population. [365] Apart from the wild land mammals Istanbul hosts a sizeable stray animal population. [202] Greeks and Armenians form the largest Christian population in the city. [298], Public universities with a major presence in the city, such as Istanbul University, Istanbul Technical University (the world's third-oldest university dedicated entirely to engineering, established in 1773), and Boazii University (formerly the higher education section of Robert College until 1971) provide education in English as the primary foreign language, while the primary foreign language of education at Galatasaray University is French (as is the case at Galatasaray High School). [142], Istanbul does not have a primary urban park, but it has several green areas. [91] The city has repeatedly upgraded its building codes, most recently in 2018,[91] requiring retrofits for older buildings and higher engineering standards for new construction. ", "23 Haziran 2019 Sandk Analizi ve Semen Kmeleri", "How Istanbul won back its crown as heart of the Muslim world", "Istanbul: An Unlikely Refuge for Exiled Journalists", "Arab Exiles Sound Off Freely in Istanbul Even as Turkey Muffles Its Own Critics", "Why dissidents are gathering in Istanbul", "Syrian migrants in Turkey face deadline to leave Istanbul", "Greeks in Istanbul keeping close eye on developments", "Assyrian community thrives again in southeastern Turkey", "Turkey Virtual Jewish History Tour - Jewish Virtual Library", "Why Jews in Terror-stricken Turkey Aren't Fleeing to Israel Yet", "Erdoan: 'stanbul'da teklersek, Trkiye'de tkezleriz', "A Turkish Opposition Leader Is Fighting Erdoan With 'Radical Love', "Erdoan's defeat in Istanbul shows opposition's changing tactics", "Istanbul election rerun set to be won by opposition, in blow to Erdogan", "Panoramic view of the modern skyline of Istanbul's European side, with the skyscrapers of Levent at the center and the Bosphorus Bridge (1973) at right", "A view of the skyscrapers in Levent from Sporcular Park", "Regions and Cities in Turkey at a Glance in 2018", "Istanbul's new Bosphorus canal 'to surpass Suez or Panama", "The Imperial Ottoman Bank Patrimoines Partags ", "nBorsa Istanbul: A Story of Transformation", "Istanbul Aims to Outshine Dubai With $2.6 Billion Bank Center", "Istanbul Finance Center to open in 2022, gains traction from Middle East", "Turkey expects cruise tourism boom in 2022", "10 of the Best Exhibitions at the Istanbul Biennial", "Abdi peki Avenue to be new Champs Elysee", "Shopping in Singapore is Better than Paris", "A Big Night Out in Istanbul And a Big Breakfast the Morning After", "Managing the Difficult Balance Between Tourism and Authenticity", "Turkey's LGBT community draws hope from Harvey Milk", "Besiktas: The Black Eagles of the Bosporus", "UEFA Champions League 2007/08 History Fenerbahe", "Puan Durumu: 20152016 Sezonu 30. [18] Some Ottoman sources of the 17th century, such as Evliya elebi, describe it as the common Turkish name of the time; between the late 17th and late 18th centuries, it was also in official use. The Ottoman Parliament was dissolved by the Allies on 11 April 1920 and the Ottoman delegation led by Damat Ferid Pasha was forced to sign the Treaty of Svres on 10 August 1920. Mirroring the executive committee at the municipal level, the Provincial Executive Committee includes a secretary-general and leaders of departments that advise the Provincial Parliament. "Continuity and Change in Nineteenth-Century Istanbul: Sultan Abdulaziz and the Beylerbeyi Palace", Filiz Yeniehirliolu. [293] Today, TRT runs four national radio stations; these stations have transmitters across the country so each can reach over 90 percent of the country's population, but only Radio 2 is based in Istanbul. [148] The lower part of the obelisk was damaged in antiquity, probably during its transport to Alexandria in 357 CE or during its re-erection at the Hippodrome of Constantinople in 390 CE. [44], Constantine the Great effectively became the emperor of the whole of the Roman Empire in September 324. [277], The TVF Burhan Felek Sport Hall is one of the major volleyball arenas in the city and hosts clubs such as Eczacba VitrA, Vakfbank SK, and Fenerbahe who have won numerous European and World Championship titles. [226] International conventions guarantee passage between the Black and the Mediterranean seas,[227] even when tankers carry oil, LNG/LPG, chemicals, and other flammable or explosive materials as cargo. [96][102], As Istanbul is only slightly rain shadowed from Mediterranean storms and is otherwise surrounded by water, it usually receives some amount of precipitation from both Western European and Mediterranean systems. The Grand Bazaar, in operation since 1461, is among the world's oldest and largest covered markets. 4). [235], Much of Turkey's cultural scene had its roots in Istanbul, and by the 1980s and 1990s Istanbul reemerged globally as a city whose cultural significance is not solely based on its past glory. 41.74% lower population density? Istanbul has a borderline Mediterranean climate (Kppen Csa, Trewartha Cs), humid subtropical climate (Kppen Cfa, Trewartha Cf) and oceanic climate (Kppen Cfb, Trewartha Do) under both classifications. The total length of Istanbul Province's toll motorways network (otoyollar) is 543km (2021) and the state highways network (devlet yollari) is 353km (2021), totaling 896km of expressway roads (minimum 2x2 lanes), excluding secondary roads and urban streets. [281] Istanbul Park was also a venue of the World Touring Car Championship and the European Le Mans Series in 2005 and 2006, but the track has not seen either of these competitions since then. Many of the city's most popular and upscale seafood restaurants line the shores of the Bosporus (particularly in neighborhoods like Ortaky, Bebek, Arnavutky, Yeniky, Beylerbeyi and engelky). [157] The present palace grew over the centuries as a series of additions enfolding four courtyards and blending neoclassical, rococo, and baroque architectural forms. [107] These snow squalls are heavy snow bands and occasionally thundersnows, with accumulation rates approaching 58 centimeters (23in) per hour. Several smaller newspapers, including popular publications like Cumhuriyet, Milliyet and Habertrk are also based in Istanbul. Restaurants featuring foreign cuisines are mainly concentrated in the Beyolu, Beikta, ili and Kadky districts. While Istanbul's Greek population was exempted from the 1923 population exchange with Greece, changes in tax status and the 1955 anti-Greek pogrom prompted thousands to leave. [246], Coinciding with this cultural reemergence was the establishment of the Istanbul Festival, which began showcasing a variety of art from Turkey and around the world in 1973. "Istanbul." This results in frequent precipitation: the average number of rainy days in the city is 131, and in some parts it may reach up to 152 days. [80], The Ottoman Empire joined World War I (19141918) on the side of the Central Powers and was ultimately defeated. Byzantine Empire 3951204 [371] It is one of the 10 worst cities for NO2. [267] The stadium hosted the 2005 UEFA Champions League Final, and was selected by the UEFA to host the CL Final games of 2020 and 2021, which were relocated to Lisbon (2020) and Porto (2021) due to the COVID-19 pandemic. [212] In large part due to emigration to Israel, the Jewish population in the city dropped from 100,000 in 1950[213] to 15,000 in 2021. [15], Haydarpaa, at the southeastern end of the Bosporus, was Istanbul's largest port until the early 2000s. [76] Regular service to Bucharest and Thessaloniki continued until the early 2010s, when the former was interrupted for Marmaray construction but started running again in 2019 and the latter was halted due to economic problems in Greece. [353] Once all phases are completed in 2025, the airport will have six sets of runways (eight in total), 16 taxiways, and will be able to accommodate 200million passengers a year. The most important species belonging to maquis formation are laurel, terebinth, Cercis siliquastrum, broom, red firethorn, and oak species such as Quercus cerris and Quercus coccifera. Byzantium (Under Athens) 478 BC404 BC [169] All members of the district councils and the Municipal Council, including the metropolitan mayor, are elected to five-year terms. [306][309] GSM cellular networks arrived in Turkey in 1994, with Istanbul among the first cities to receive the service. [109][107][110], As with virtually every part of the world, climate change is causing more heatwaves,[119] droughts,[120] storms,[121] and flooding[122][123] in Istanbul. [15] Historically, the city has been ideally situated for trade and defense: The confluence of the Sea of Marmara, the Bosporus, and the Golden Horn provide both ideal defense against enemy attack and a natural toll-gate. Turkey 1923Present, Neolithic artifacts, uncovered by archeologists at the beginning of the 21st century, indicate that Istanbul's historic peninsula was settled as far back as the 6th millennium BCE. The city straddles the Bosporus strait, lying in both Europe and Asia, and has a population of over 15 million residents, comprising 19% of the population of Turkey. [69] Like many monarchs before and since, Mehmed II transformed Istanbul's urban landscape with wholesale redevelopment of the city center. [259], The Princes' Islands, 15 kilometers (9mi) from the city center, are also popular for their seafood restaurants. When it was held for the first time in 2003, the annual Istanbul Pride became the first gay pride event in a Muslim-majority country. 30 million. [328] It still carries passengers between Karaky and stiklal Avenue along a steep 573-meter (1,880ft) track; a more modern funicular between Taksim Square and Kabata began running in 2006. [320] The O-7[321] or Kuzey Marmara Otoyolu, is a motorway that bypass Istanbul to the north. [203] Following Greek migration to the city for work in the 2010s, the Greek population rose to nearly 3,000 in 2019, still greatly diminished since 1919, when it stood at 350,000. [47][48] Numerous churches were built across the city, including Hagia Sophia which was built during the reign of Justinian the Great and remained the world's largest cathedral for a thousand years. By 1876, the first international mailing network between Istanbul and the lands beyond the Ottoman Empire had been established. Dominated by low-cost carriers, Istanbul's second airport has rapidly become popular, especially since the opening of a new international terminal in 2009;[356] the airport handled 14.7 million passengers in 2012, a year after Airports Council International named it the world's fastest-growing airport. [87] From the late 1940s and early 1950s, Istanbul underwent great structural change, as new public squares, boulevards, and avenues were constructed throughout the city, sometimes at the expense of historical buildings. Istanbul is primarily known for its Byzantine and Ottoman architecture. Istanbul's main bus station is the largest in Europe, with a daily capacity of 15,000 buses and 600,000 passengers, serving destinations as distant as Frankfurt.[350][351]. [330][331], The Istanbul Metro comprises eight lines (the M1, M2, M3, M6, M7 and M9 on the European side, and the M4 and M5 on the Asian side) with several other lines (M8, M12 and M11) and extensions under construction. The first government defeat in Istanbul occurred in the 2017 constitutional referendum, where Istanbul voted 'No' by 51.4% to 48.6%. [153] The Hagia Sophia stood as the world's largest cathedral in the world until it was converted into a mosque in the 15th century. [131] Galata (Karaky) is today a quarter within the Beyolu (Pera) district, which forms Istanbul's commercial and entertainment center and includes stiklal Avenue and Taksim Square. Mehmed II built the original palace as his main residence and the seat of government. Throughout most of its history, Istanbul has ranked among the largest cities in the world. [276] Despite the construction boom, five bids for the Summer Olympicsin 2000, 2004, 2008, 2012, and 2020and national bids for UEFA Euro 2012 and UEFA Euro 2016 have ended unsuccessfully. Its only cheap for tourists. Furthermore, as Istanbul is a large and rapidly expanding city, its urban heat island has been intensifying the effects of climate change. Between the four corners of the obelisk and the pedestal are four bronze cubes, used in its transportation and re-erection. They each maintain their own budgets, although the metropolitan mayor reserves the right to review district decisions. [163] Laws enacted after the Ottoman constitution of 1876 aimed to expand this structure across the city, imitating the twenty arrondissements of Paris, but they were not fully implemented until 1908 when the city was declared a province with nine constituent districts. [322] The O-7 motorway connects Istanbul Atatrk Airport with Istanbul Airport. [176] Ali Yerlikaya has been the Governor of Istanbul Province since 26 October 2018. Most nationwide newspapers are based in Istanbul, with simultaneous Ankara and zmir editions. [42] Byzantium's decision to side with the Roman usurper Pescennius Niger against Emperor Septimius Severus cost it dearly; by the time it surrendered at the end of 195 CE, two years of siege had left the city devastated. [230], By 2023, the Ataehir district on the Asian side of the city will host the new headquarters of a number of state-owned Turkish banks, including the Central Bank of Turkey, currently headquartered in Ankara. Compare Moscow (Russia) to Filter R andom Map Iceberg A-68 Abbottabad city (Pakistan) Abkhazia Acre Australian Capital Territory Andorra Adriatic sea Adygea (Russia) UAE (United Arab Emirates) Afghanistan The BBC has a regional office in Istanbul, assisting its Turkish-language news operations, and the American news channel CNN established the Turkish-language CNN Trk there in 1999. More arrivals per year shows how important the city is viewed internationally, and may indicate better infrastructure, such as airports, public transport, The O-2 continues west to Edirne and the O-4 continues east to Ankara. [205] As of 2019, an estimated 18,000 of the country's 25,000 Christian Assyrians live in Istanbul.[206]. [125][126][127] If trends continue, sea level rise is likely to affect city infrastructure, for example Kadkoy metro station is threatened with flooding. [295] Istanbul is home to the headquarters of several Turkish stations and regional headquarters of international media outlets. [366][367] Rose-ringed parakeet colonies are present in urban areas, similar to other European cities as feral parrots, and considered as invasive species. [268] kr Saracolu Stadium, Fenerbahe's home field, hosted the 2009 UEFA Cup Final three years after its completion. The Bosporus, providing the only passage from the Black Sea to the Mediterranean, is the world's busiest and narrowest strait used for international navigation, with more than 200 million tons of oil passing through it each year. New York City (NYC), often called simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. The airport covers 2,900 hectares of land and includes two runways and three terminals. [294], TRT-Children is the only TRT television station based in Istanbul. 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