Many springs occur. Leave a comment doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2020.004, Return to the index pages: There are a number of natural lakes in Cameroon. 3B and C). Cameroon is rich in national parks and wildlife reserves, including the Waza National Park in the north (which contains both forest and savanna animals), the Dja Faunal Reserve (a UNESCO World Heritage site), and the Campo Ma'an National Park in the southwest (which has elephants, hippos, leopards, and plenty of primates). Please note that the areas of the layout diagrams are different for the engines types, see Fig. Three male and eight female lions from different coalitions and prides, instrumented with GPS Simplex and TELUS radio-collars (approximate weights: female 900 g, male 950 g; Televilt Positioning AB, Lindesberg, Sweden; see [23] for details), were studied. Some - eg Mamf - contain evaporites. The basin is shared by Chad, Niger, the Central African Republic, Nigeria, Cameroon, Algeria, Sudan and Libya. Water and Sanitation Program. Namib Desert 1). The Zimbabwe Parks and Wildlife Management Authority is acknowledged for approving this research and for permission to publish this manuscript. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: ZD MV. It is located in banakata. cameroon water resources for lions. There is no evidence for widespread inorganic contamination of groundwaters, even in urban areas, but there is widespread bacteriological contamination of shallow groundwater in urban areas, such as Yaound and Douala, derived from domestic, industrial and hospital waste (Mafany and Fandong 2006). Map developed from World Wildlife Fund HydroSHEDS; Digital Chart of the World drainage; and FAO Inland Water Bodies. Jacobs index also revealed that buffalo was the most intensively selected species throughout the year. Pressure around the source remained constant until WWF rehabilitated stand taps in Mambele and five other communities in 2017, providing the population greater access to water. Seasonal variation in relative contribution to lion kills by different prey species are shown in Fig. In Hwange, previous findings have shown that lion home range size was influenced by buffalo density in the late dry season ([40]). The deeper Cretaceous sandstones also form an important aquifer, hydraulically separated from the overlying Plio-Quaternary by mudstones. Windhoek A pint-sized antelope, often no taller than a big coffee-table book, with a squeaky cry and a zig-zagging escape tactic. Conceived and designed the experiments: ZD AJL DWM FM. Etosha 2009; Sigha-Nkamdjou et al. Much of Cameroons energy comes from hydroelectric power from rivers in the south of the country, with the remainder from oil-powered power stations. Because of this water activity the front quarters of the Okavango Delta lions are more developed than those of other lions. We arbitrarily assigned the average adult female weight, with the exception of elephant as predominantly juveniles are preyed upon in dry periods [19], for each sample to allow a crude comparison with kill data. _____ _____ abiotic factor environmental conditions biotic factor. (I accept). Additionally, dry season scarcity of good quality forage, exacerbated by local depletion around water sources, tends to make certain herbivores more vulnerable to predation, particularly during low rainfall periods [16][19]. Most often asked questions related to bitcoin. The Gemsbok is a large African antelope with very long horns, sometimes used in defence against the Kalahari lions. We systematically searched for potential lion kill sites by identifying clusters of x:y location coordinates including 4 hours of sequential locations within a defined proximity (150 m), and these were then investigated on foot (see also [4], [24]). Water Supply and Sanitation in Cameroon. Your use of information provided by this website is at your own risk. 1). The remaining species contributed less than 5% per species. 1). These, and others, may also be available through the Africa Groundwater Literature Archive, Ako Ako A, Eyong GET and Nkeng GE. Approximately 98% of the annual rainfall occurs from October to April and the long-term annual average (calculated for the period 19182007) is 632 mm (range: 3241160 mm). Cameroon: Sahara Desert A Threat to Livelihood and Bio-Diversity. Do sloths kill themselves by grabbing their arms; In botswana lions take to the water regularly, lions do hunt elephant and hippo and in some areas of the country lions can go for moths without drinking water. Transboundary Groundwater Fact Sheet, compiled by F Bontemps. Please cite this page as: Upton, Dochartaigh & Bellwood-Howard, 2018. The Lake Chad basin contains three main geological units: a upper Quaternary-Lower Pliocene series; the Tertiary Continental Terminal; and the lower Cretaceous series of the Hamadien Continental and the Continental Intercalaire (GWP 2013). The local presence of evaporites in the Mamf basin leads to groundwaters of sodium-chloride composition (Mafany and Fantong 2006). 2009). Lions of the okavango delta. Understanding how predators make use of their environment and how actions such as augmenting water supply can alter their behavioural ecology, has implications for the long term sustainability of predator-prey systems. Some groundwater in deeper aquifers contains low oxygen and corresponding high iron and even hydrogen sulphate gas (Mafany and Fandong 2006). Please see the Terms of use for more information. The distance between 215 lion kills and the nearest water source was analyzed using generalized linear models. The plateau areas show distinct wet and dry seasons, with lower rainfall than the coastal region. The Lake Chad basin aquifer contains three main aquifer units: a upper Quaternary-Lower Pliocene series; the Tertiary Continental Terminal; and the lower Cretaceous series of the Hamadien Continental and the Continental Intercalaire (GWP 2013). PLoS ONE 8(2): Responsibility for the construction and management of rural wells and boreholes has been transferred to communes (AMCOW 2011). View our recommended safaris for inspiration and get ready to plan your dream safari, Contact us or fill out an enquiry form and one of our travel experts will help you tailor make your perfect safari, Enjoy an authentic African experience, with peace of mind, Namibia The upper Quaternary-Pliocene aquifer includes two units, which are thought to be connected: an unconfined/phreatic aquifer, formed of sand, which is up to 50 m thick, which is vulnerable to contamination and known to have high nitrate concentrations linked to agricultural and sewage contamination; and a confined, artesian Pliocene aquifer, between 250 and 400 m depth, with more mineralised water. Abstraction boreholes in the Hama Kossou, Babouri-Figuil and Mayo Oulo basins are typically between 120 and 180 m deep. Across-ecosystems, comparisons of large mammalian carnivore diet have now provided a good understanding of the preferred prey weight range of several carnivore species [6][8], but local studies are still needed to unravel the role of environmental factors and prey availability. In neighbouring Yenga community (20 km from Mambele) where WWF also rehabilitated a stand tap, some residents cover a distance of more than 3 km to get water. Conservation of the trees around this water source has helped to keep it flowing. The field assistance of Dr. Daniel Parker, B. Stapelkamp, Nicholas Elliot, Jalle Claypole, Agrippa Moyo, Lowani Mpofu and the rangers of the Hwange National Park was invaluable. There was no seasonal difference in diet composition for male lions (2early dry-late dry=4.13, df=7, p=0.76; 2early dry-wet=8.63, df=7, p=0.28; 2late dry-wet=7.85, df=7, p=0.35). Mafany GT and Fantong WY. Cameroon is a fascinating country with incredible biodiversity and natural riches. The prey items detected were categorised similarly to the prey detected from the kills. Samples were washed, sieved and sun dried to remove organic matter, and spread in a grid sampling tray. This section provides a summary of the hydrogeology of the main aquifers in Cameroon. Performed the experiments: ZD JEH FVK. Recharge occurs to the confined aquifer only in limited areas (GWP 2013). April 20, 2022 Chari provides an outstanding home for some fish species including nile and perch, making it an important fishing ground for many local communities. Juveniles were taken almost exclusively (Fig. Lions are stalk-and-ambush hunters that use vegetative cover for concealment during hunting and are known to ambush prey in habitats surrounding high-prey abundance areas . 23 Views. 7 Stunning African Honeymoon Destinations. There are a series of parallel faults running northeast/southwest, with displacements that can reach 1000 m, and associated with large volcanic massifs of various ages and compositions. The study was conducted between 2005 and 2007 in the northern sector of Hwange National Park (Hwange), north-western Zimbabwe, latitudes 1830 and 1950 S and longitudes 2545 and 2730 E. The study area covers c. 7554 km2 of dystrophic woodland savanna. Altitude varies from 800 m to 1100 m and rainfall data were available from 1918 to 2007. : 19 192 m3/year, Per Capita in 2005 As in data were modified to ensure consistency with water resources data. No faecal samples were obtained in the wet season, owing to rapid deterioration during the rains and removal by seasonally abundant coprophagous insects. Below this there can be a deeper fractured aquifer, which usually has low permeability. For females, buffalo were followed by kudu (16%), the class medium Bovidae (13%), giraffe (12%), zebra (9%) and elephant (8%), together accounting for 91% of the prey detected (Table 1). Constructing a 3D geological model from geophysical data for groundwater modelling and management in the Kribi-Campo sedimentary sub-basin, Cameroon. Water dependence varies between herbivore species [11], [13] but most species need to access drinking water on a few-day basis at the peak of the dry season, and herbivore aggregations frequently form around permanent water sources during dry seasons, as non-permanent sources further afield dry up [14], [15]. Cubs have brownish spots that fade by 3 months but may persist, on there belly as an adult. Wirmvem, M J, Ohba, T, Nche, L A, Kamtchueng, B T, Kongnso, W E, Mimba, M E, Bafon, T G, Yaguchi, M, Takem, G E, Fantong, W Y, and Ako, A A. The river has been exploited by local communities for transport, fish, and water for irrigation. Cameroon has seen relatively high political and social stability since independence, with the same president since 1982. Australian Wildlife Conservancy, Australia, Received: October 1, 2012; Accepted: December 19, 2012; Published: February 6, 2013. They pronk: bounce with all four feet alternatively on and off the ground, for what seems to be pure joy. Ten hairs could not be identified (2% of all hairs collected). 1 More information on irrigation water use and requirement statistics. Some urban centres widely use groundwater, including Douala. The frequency of occurrence of species in the faecal dataset was highest for kudu (24%) followed by buffalo and medium Bovidae (each representing 18%; the medium Bovidae class is dominated by sable and eland for faecal data), small antelopes (17%), and giraffe (7%) collectively contributing 84% of the species found in faecal samples (Table 2). Generally sodium-bicarbonate or iron/magnesium/calcium-bicarbonate type. Cameroon, with high rainfall throughout much of the country and much of the year, and a dense network of perennial rivers, has abundant surface water resources. Bibliographic reference: Upton K, Dochartaigh B and Bellwood-Howard I. What Are The Specific Water Sources The Lions Exploit. Unfortunately, it is also a country where wildlife is subject to a wide and intense array of human pressures. Rural population with access to safe drinking water (%), Urban population with access to safe drinking water (%), Population affected by water related disease, Total internal renewable water resources (cubic metres/inhabitant/year), Total exploitable water resources (Million cubic metres/year), Freshwater withdrawal as% of total renewable water resources, Total renewable groundwater (Million cubic metres/year), Exploitable: Regular renewable groundwater (Million cubic metres/year), Groundwater produced internally (Million cubic metres/year), Fresh groundwater withdrawal (primary and secondary) (Million cubic metres/year), Groundwater: entering the country (total) (Million cubic metres/year), Groundwater: leaving the country to other countries (total) (Million cubic metres/year, Industrial water withdrawal (all water sources) (Million cubic metres/year), Municipal water withdrawal (all water sources) (Million cubic metres/year), Agricultural water withdrawal (all water sources) (Million cubic metres/year), Irrigation water withdrawal (all water sources), Irrigation water requirement (all water sources), Cultivated land (arable and permanent crops) (ha), Area equipped for irrigation by groundwater (ha), Area equipped for irrigation by mixed surface water and groundwater (ha). Further north, flows are continuous all year round, with only one peak flood (i.e., Sanaga and Wouri). Consequently, waterhole areas are attractive for all herbivores in the dry season and attractive for grazers in the wet season, which corresponds to the period when most grazers have their young. The source of the river is in the mountainous highlands of East African rift before it eventually drains into the Atlantic Ocean. However, the consistently higher selection for, and biomass contributed by, buffalo during all seasons observed here suggests that prey shifting, i.e. The dominant land cover in the northern lowland region is savanna scrub and grass. spesification This is generally un-metamorphosed, and made up of tillites with sandstones and schist intersected by granitic intrusions (the Lower Dja series). Sossusvlei Large carnivores inhabiting ecosystems with heterogeneously distributed environmental resources with strong seasonal variations frequently employ opportunistic foraging strategies, often typified by seasonal switches in diet. changing relative selection of prey species between seasons, is not characteristic of the Hwange lion population at least for the primary prey. In spite of the presence of a stand tap at the centre of the village, many villagers still rely on the water source. Tsavo Lion Project - Lion Conservation Fund. We're sorry. This page was last modified on 10 November 2022, at 14:15. WWF worked together with the communities to rehabilitate six stand taps in six communities," explains Njounan. Bold dashed lines indicate means. and common mice (Mus spp.). The Project was supported by the Eppley Foundation, Panthera Foundation and the kind generosity of Rivington and Joan Winant, Adrian Gardiner and the Lilian Jean Kaplan Foundation. 1). What Are The Specific Water Sources The Lions Exploit. spesification The Black Umfolozi River is a good area to keep an eye out for cats, there is lots to eat around the water. Mzima springs. 1). Prey moves between the islands and lions have to cross the water to follow. Wrote the paper: ZD MV AJL DWM. GWP (Global Water Partnership). The river supports more than 700 species of fish, a number of which are endemic, within its various eco-regions. Marion Valeix, Affiliation: A complex of granites, micaschists and migmatites. Dashed and dotted lines indicate mean proportions in the amalgamated kills for males and females respectively. The least mineralised groundwater overall is in basement aquifers. United Nations Department of Technical Cooperation for Development and Economic Commission for Africa, Natural Resources/Water Series No. Required fields are marked *. Hence male and female data were analysed separately. Prey species proportional biomass contributing to lion diet, as detected from kills, faecal samples and observed hunts. Prey shift might be a response to larger variations in local prey abundance, perhaps over longer periods as shown for the Kruger National Park [21], or in ecosystems where more significant variation occurs in prey abundance over shorter time scales as shown for the Serengeti [41]. Was established in 1996 and it is managed by the pvt. Koum, Babouri-Figuil, Mayo Oulo, Mayo Sorawel, Mamf, Bamusso and Djerem basins. The MCP method is the oldest one used among home range analysis methods ( Burt, 1943; Mohr, 1947), being the smallest convex polygon that encompasses all the lion locations, either using all the locations (MCP100%) or by first removing 5% of the outliers in the dataset (MCP95%) ( Powell, 2000 ). Pint-Sized antelope, often no taller than a big coffee-table book, with lower rainfall than the region. 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