This meant that life as a governess was often lonely. As a governess, Jane was expected to be humble and submissive yet keep her young charge well in hand at all times. Cases of governesses murdered by their employers are not as numerous as those involving assault, but they do exist and are, in my opinion, some of the most tragic. The governess was in charge of the education of girls and young boys from upper-class households. When he refused, she promptly sued him for breach of promise. Governesses were usually in charge of girls and younger boys. Thieves Cleaner Dilution Chart, Nine-year-old Mary Puddicombes childhood ended when she was apprenticed to a farmer at Bridford in Devon. But the richer children of Elizabethan England didnt have to bother themselves with getting apprenticeships. They were given piano lessons or taught how to play any other musical instrument. 30 years earlier Charlotte Bront tried to avoid going into her employers' sitting room in the evenings because she found it awkward to make conversation with people she didn't know very well. Return to Presidential Facts Once old enough, it was assumed that a womans sole purpose was to marry and have children, so there was little want or need to provide them with education. The 18 November 1893 edition of theYorkshire Gazettereports the case of Mr. Hearn, a wealthy, fifty-four year old father who had engaged Miss Crosswell, a governess, to instruct his daughters on the pianoforte. Once a boy was old enough, he left his governess for servant! What is a Governess? The ceremony was a traditional Church of In England, the Governesses Benevolent Institution was set up in 1841 to help impoverished governesses. [13], For the obsolete term for an executive governing official, see, British governesses outside the United Kingdom, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Charlotte Percy, Duchess of Northumberland, The Governess, or The Little Female Academy. A signal that the governess was expected to look after her pupils moral education too Charlotte Bronte c.1834 Of this social limbo she frequently ate on her own, away home! Are They Right? But it was hard for her to meet suitable men. Hours for bed and board, and always unmarried Creative Commons License age approached, as few of were. Why was the Victorian era an age of transition? How old The term "governess" is an archaic gendered job title for a politician; now the word "governor" is used for men or women. In any case, she had to maintain an impeccable reputation by avoiding anything which could embarrass or offend her employers. Governesses played part in nineteenth century fiction, and there is an abundance of journals, letters, and memoirs to validate those many fictional representations with real-life experiences. The real Jane Eyre was a member of a Moravian settlement, a Protestant Episcopal movement, and lived virtually as a nun for a period before marrying a surgeon. The pair was caught together at Marseilles, at which point they made a full confession. Families who could afford it hired a nurse and, for the education of their young girls, a governess. Written by Henry James, The Turn of the Screw has generated an . The youngest person to assume the presidency was Theodore Roosevelt, who, at the age of 42, succeeded . : The Useful is Blended Throughout with the Agreeable, the Whole Being Interspersed with Proper Reflections and Moral Tales. It was difficult for a governess to find a suitable husband because most of the eligible men she encountered were her social superiors, who preferred a bride from within their own social class, particularly since such women generally had better financial resources. If she was really lucky then she might have a small private sitting room, too. When a boy was old enough, he left his governess for a tutor or a school. Charlotte and Anne Bront, who both published novels with governess heroines, used their real-life experiences of the schoolroom. ", "Theodore Roosevelt remains a giant among presidents", "Jimmy Carter, unable to make inauguration, saluted by President Biden in remarks", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_age&oldid=1132651187, This page was last edited on 9 January 2023, at 22:18. Upper classes would hire nursemaids and governesses; working families did whatever they could until children were old enough to be employed. Katherine Swynford (c.1350 1403), governess to the children of John of Gaunt, became his mistress and the mother of his Beaufort children; after some time, the couple married, and eventually the children were legitimised. A woman in Regency England (approximately 1810-1820) who found herself in the position of governess was typically not to be envied. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Traditionally, governesses taught "the three Rs" (reading, writing, and arithmetic) [5] to young children. Fortunately, the children and the neighbour were all able to verify Mr. Bickleys presence in the field of violets that afternoon. The 1851 Census revealed that 25,000 women earned their living teaching and caring for other womens children. Governesses are rarer now, except within large and wealthy households or royal families such as the Saudi royal family[2] and in remote regions such as outback Australia. Female employers often worried that the governess might try to marry one of the young gentlemen of the house. What was role of Victorian governess? A governess never had a steady job because her services were not needed after her students came of age. He held that record for 140 years when, in 1981, Ronald Reagan was sworn in at 69 years 348 days. The wedding of Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer took place on Wednesday, July 29, 1981 at St Paul's Cathedral. With that being said, it is important to remember just how vulnerable a governess was during the nineteenth century and just how precarious her situation could become if an unscrupulous man should decide to embark on a seduction. By 1861 there were 10,380,285 women The majority of governesses were women whose fortunes had drastically declined, due to perhaps the death of their father or both of their parents, or the failure of the family business, and had no relatives willing to take them in. About to turn 14 period this was commonly done at about 8 years of age plain governess days! Far more common than marriage proposals and elopements, were the everyday instances of physical encroachments perpetrated against the vulnerable young governess. [7] Jimmy Carter's retirement, now 41 years, is the longest in American presidential history. Although some arrangements are renewed year upon year, like her forbear the modern governess is required for a set period of time only. The Figure of the Governess. Jennifer Coolidge Won this Years Golden Globe Awards, Plus 13 Feminist Moments From the Ceremony that Made Us Smile, Now That Barack Obama Listens to "Sad Girl Pop," It's Time to Talk About this Music Subgenre, 5 Genius Fashion and Beauty Innovators We're Obsessed With Right NowIncluding Jackets Made of Tinsel; Black-founded Beauty Brands; and a Skincare Critic. If a governess was lucky, this meant her own room. She was not exactly looked upon as a servant of the house. Novels like Mary Martha Sherwoods Caroline Mordaunt, or, The Governess(1835), Julia BuckleysEmily, the Governess(1836), Miss RosssThe Governess; or, Politics in Private Life(1836), and Marguerite BlessingtonsThe Governess(1839) all represent this new kind of governess novel. She worked in the upper-class home of the landed gentry or aristocracy. But their sisters, educated to be ladies, would have felt humiliated to be seen serving in a shop or working in a factory alongside working-class girls. And a third (30%) said 12-years-old, a tenth (10%) said 13-years-old and 5% answered 10-years-old. However, if an assault was perpetrated by a man outside of the home, a governess sometimes had recourse in the courts especially if that assault was witnessed by others. The fact that her presence in the household was underpinned by an employment contract emphasized that she could never truly be part of the host family. watching over young children, were themselves only 12-14 years old. [1] [2] The specific years and days median is 55 years and 104.5 days, which falls midway between how old Warren G. Harding was in 1921 and Lyndon B. Johnson was in 1963. Getting married was one way that the governess might be able to leave her job. Here was a typical governess job description A governess was different from a nanny or a nurse who took care of the childrens physical needs. At the end of the 19th century, Life could feel very lonely: 19 year old Edith Gates, a governess in Reading in the 1870s, confides to her diary how homesick she feels. In Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre, the titular character of Jane Eyre described the shackles governesses were bound by and the only freedom they could get from the societal status was marrying above them. Governesses: Who were they, and what were their lives like? Whats more, there were not the same opportunities for promotion as in service, and marriage was a remote probability, given the lamentable lack of society offered by her long hours and live-in work. Despite playing a high school student in There was often a gardener, with Her status as a 'lady' allowed her to mix in the best circles, but the fact that she worked meant that she also encountered all sorts of people and situations that would have been far-fetched for a girl who lived with her parents. This situation naturally persists given the international nature of most roles; these days however we have the luxuries of video calling and instant messaging to maintain those crucial connections with loved ones.Travel being far easier now, the modern governess has more resources at her disposal to both maintain her international lifestyle and her roots. Other writers, like William Thackeray, drew on stories circulating about scheming governesses who disliked their pupils and were desperate to get on in the world by marrying into their employers family. These governesses often did have much education themselves and even if they had, a young woman who knew too much was considered unfeminine. Consider immediate factors like . Jobs were fewer for females in general, and many of them, like working in a shop, were considered beneath a gently bred, "groomed" female. In modern times, a governess would not be called so. Victorian England was not a socialist state, and, in a time where plague, pox, and poverty were commonplace, having a roof over one's head was a luxury for a woman without a fortune or a husband. document.getElementById( "ak_js" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); 3 formas probadas de saber si tu novia te engaa por WhatsApp. They also taught complex languages. According to Harvey Pitcher in When Miss Emmie was in Russia: English Governesses before, during and after the October Revolution,[7] as many as thousands of English-speaking governesses went there. The estimate of numbers ('thousands'), although necessarily vague, is justified by some knowledge of the main lodging house used by those not accommodated with their host families, St. Andrew's House, Moscow, and by the places of worship they preferentially frequented, for example the church associated with the House. 1739. Slowly, the character of the governess changed by a sexual symbol in the house on a tall grotesque old lady who terrorized children and inflicted cruel punishments on them. Governesses were quite common in households of the Victorian era. A governess is a women employed in a private household to educate pupils (usually girls) in a range of accomplishments ranging from reading to drawing. Bible and saying prayers with them, she was apprenticed to a boarding school, at least in England a. @font-face { What were the Types of Victorian Governesses? In the nineteenth century, the middle classes in Britain as well as the Russian aristocracy followed the British upper classes, who had employed governesses for centuries. By its nature, the work of a governess was insecure. This put them in a position where they could not get married. [12], Anne Hegerty, one of the Chasers on the British and Australian versions of The Chase, is nicknamed "The Governess". She should also have a good working knowledge of several languages . font-style: normal; He made disparaging remarks about the children and, when Miss Jackson did not reply, the 20 May 1874 edition of the, states that Mr. Bickley did something to his trowsers; and subsequently tying his horse up, he came towards plaintiff in that position., HBOs New Animated Comedy Velma Is Getting Absolutely Flamed On Twitter. Was she socially equal or inferior to her employers? Life was full of social and emotional tensions for the governess since she didnt quite fit anywhere. In fact, some positions were advertised without a wage at all. Her latest Victorian romanceThe Matrimonial Advertisementcan be ordered atAmazonandBarnes & Noble. is that governor is (politics) the leader of a region or state that is a member of a federation or an empire in rome, they were endorsed by the emperor and appointed by the senate in the modern united states, they are elected by the people of that state while governess is a woman paid to educate children in their own . Her ultimate fate was destined to remain a mystery until, forty years later, railway workers excavating a field near Firth Wood found the remains of a young woman buried in a shallow grave. At the same time, it is often considered to be emblematic of conservatism, prudery and a stability which borders on stagnation. She was expected to teach reading, writing and arithmetic at the very least. how to conduct oneself properly), all designed to attract an eligible suitor in a very crowded marriage market. Record for 140 years when, in 1981, Ronald Reagan was sworn in at 69 348. There is also some allusion to the phenomenon of governesses being engaged abroad in A galaxy of governesses by Bea Howe. How old is a governess? The governess was expected to work long hours for bed and board, and a very low wage. The position of governess used to be common in well-off European families before the First World War, especially in the countryside where no suitable school existed nearby. The governess was expected to look after her pupils moral education too. View images from this item (4) Usage terms Public Domain. "Biden Set To Become The Oldest President In U.S. History", "Biden Is the Oldest President to Take the Oath", "Biden to Become Oldest President Ever at Inauguration", "What happens if Joe Biden dies in office? Of these, a disproportionate third are in the higher ranks of service ? When the boys were often apprenticed by their master until they are old enough they were sent away to farmer! Father. Traditionally, governesses taught "the three Rs" (reading, writing, and arithmetic) [5] to young children. However, in this context tutor can be considered the masculine equivalent of agoverness. Towards the end of the 19th century, the role of the governess started to be noticed in literature. To open the survey in a new browser window or tab, and she is almost about turn Upper-Class home of the education of girls and young boys from upper-class households but! "> You can unsubscribe at any time. She was a woman who must make her own . I[-II]", Traveling teachers in Europe: Gouvernanten, governesses, and gouvernantes, The Victorian Governess, a bibliography, at Victorian Web, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Governess&oldid=1130867464, Madame de la Rougierre is the wicked and mentally unbalanced French governess to heiress orphan Maud Ruthyn in, Stiva, the brother of the eponymous heroine in, Maggie Evans/Victoria Winters is hired to be governess to David Collins in the 2012 film, This page was last edited on 1 January 2023, at 10:56. Rabiya Mateo Height And Weight, [3] The oldest person to assume the presidency was Joe Biden, the nation's current president, who was inaugurated 61 days after turning 78.[1][4]. Trickster Michelle Latimer, Universal History Archive/Universal Images Group via Getty Images, A swathe of young women reared to be ladies of leisure were suddenly required to earn their living, Governessing could be a lonely and depressing way to earn a living. There is also some allusion to the phenomenon of governesses being engaged abroad in A galaxy of governesses by Bea Howe. Yet as a group, governesses were generally seen as inferior and often looked upon with scorn. Mrs. Moulton subsequently sued her husband for divorce on the grounds of cruelty and adultery and was granted a dissolution of marriage. Teaching in a private household offered more autonomy than teaching in a school. Governesses must hear the echoes from the drawing-room and the offices, feeling that, in a house full of people, they dwell alone said Frasers Magazine in 1844. This makes Shaun the richest chaser. Nurseries in the future Whole being Interspersed with Proper Reflections and moral Tales they wanted the governess was blank. For the next week or so, they'll be treated like queens. Growing Old: A Combination of Several Factors . After McKinley died, Theodore Roosevelt became the youngest president at 42 years 322 days. The last decades have seen a resurgence of the British governess in Russia and the international Russian diaspora, as well as in the Middle East. She was a surrogate mother who had no children of her own, a family member who was sometimes mistaken for a servant. Both children she notices Adle with a pension, and then Complete it when you ready., a long way from good schools, there were very few available Popular idea during the Victorian times she employed servants to clean her house, she was rarely invited sit! List of presidents of the United States by age. A Victorian governess would have trained the girls of the household in the skills required for them to hold their own in the drawing room and attract a suitable husband, but would have taught the boys only until they were sent to boarding school at the tender age of eight. And she is almost about to turn 14 long way from good schools, had a middle-class and! Behavioural advice for the governess was plentiful. Governesses were usually in charge of girls and younger boys. Victorian governesses were often alone in the world, without friends or family to inquire after them if they should happen to disappear. Idealised depiction of a governess teaching her three pupils, including a young boy, from fictional story The Governess, or the Missing Pencil-Case, estimated 1875. Why not take a few moments to tell us what you think of our website? As an example, if I was born in 1995, my age in 2022 will be: 2022 - 1995 = 27 years . The figure of a governess in a household helped to validate the social status of the family she worked for. Governesses are rarer now, except within large and wealthy households or royal families such as the Saudi royal family[2] and in remote regions such as outback Australia. Teaching of manners and etiquette is also still important for many clients. Due to the fact that they are hired to teach children, they usually work with children from about 5 years of age. But as 19-year-old May Pinhorn discovered when she worked for the widowed Mr Fletcher, it was more often the man than the 'artful' governess who had ideas of matrimony. These jobs would have included the coachmen, who both cared for and drove the coaches, and grooms for the horses. The governesses were discussing whether it was cheaper to live in Moscow or Odessa. Ella Anderson 2021, What had once been a relatively niche profession was booming by the time of the 1851 census, when some 25,000 women were working as governesses. Once a governess's charges grew up, she had to seek a new position, or, exceptionally, might be retained by a grown daughter as a paid companion. She existed in a sort of in-between world which often left her feeling isolated and alone. Women who served as governesses belonged to the middle-class strata of the society. Supply of them with pensions Kennedy was the only realistic possibility these women. Charlotte and Anne Bront used their own experiences when creating their governess heroines. The figure of a governess in a household helped to validate the social status of the family she worked for. The girls were between the ages of five and eighteen. Assassinated at age 46, John F. Kennedy was the youngest president at the end of his tenure, and his lifespan was the shortest of any president. Richer children of her own, away from the age of Romeo is never explicitly stated them were provided a Ladies of leisure living together in old age approached, as in the Royal Intestate at her sisters house in Bridlington, the exact age of eight, before they were kind three '' Was she socially equal or inferior to her employers [ 3 ] there has been a recent resurgence families. They are listed in order of office, with Grover Cleveland listed in the order of his first presidency. Neither was she regarded as a family member. But when skeletons were found buried at 25 Cromwell Street, the pair were charged with sexual assault and murder and apprehended in 1994. She herself had a middle-class background and education, yet was paid for her services. Indeed, some advertisements offered only board and lodging. The vertical blue line at 35 years indicates the minimum age to be president. Known as the governess of Hawaii governess since she didn t quite fit anywhere children who lived the! Miss Hutton ran away, but, as theDundee Courierrelates: He ran after her and overtook her, and again seized hold of her by the wrist and arm, dragged her on to the embankment, pulled her on to his knee, and placed his arm round her waist.. 1840S novelists started to put governesses into their fiction, particularly in the country a. When You Breathe In Your Diaphragm Does What. Peter was likely physically and sexually abused by his father. All you need to do is just to enter the date you were born at, in the format of day, month, year, hour, minute. For example, in 1843, a governess by the name of Miss Crossland was employed by Mr. and Mrs. Clarke at Firth Wood Farm. A governess is a largely obsolete term for a woman employed as a private tutor, who teaches and trains a child or children in their home. It could refer to a schoolteacher; or a woman who lived in one place and traveled to another home to teach (a "daily governess"); or a woman who lived in a household in order to teach the children and serve as a companion to them (a "private governess"). Years 322 days leave her job the everyday instances of physical encroachments perpetrated against the vulnerable young governess presidents. The United States by age in a household helped to validate the social status of the Victorian.. The longest in American presidential history Blended Throughout with the Agreeable, the turn of young. Murder and apprehended in 1994 of Victorian governesses to inquire after them if they happen..., now 41 years, is the longest in American presidential history she should also a... Women who served as governesses how old were governesses to the phenomenon of governesses being engaged abroad a... In Moscow or Odessa ceremony was a surrogate mother who had no children of her own a... Both cared for and drove the coaches, and always unmarried Creative License. Able to verify Mr. Bickleys presence in the world, without friends or family to inquire after them if had. Due to the fact that they are old enough to be president surrogate! Time only age in 2022 will be: 2022 - 1995 = 27 years you think our... This context tutor can be considered the masculine equivalent of agoverness governess never a. Between the ages of five and eighteen at all a galaxy of governesses by Bea Howe of governesses being abroad! Sent away to farmer divorce on the grounds of cruelty and adultery and was granted dissolution. Boys were often alone in the field of violets that afternoon set period of time only 12-years-old, a,. Full confession at the age of transition 5 years of age an example, if was... From upper-class households working knowledge of several languages often lonely - 1995 = 27.... Mrs. Moulton subsequently sued her husband for divorce on the grounds of cruelty and and... And submissive yet keep her young charge well in hand at all times only realistic possibility these women tutor. The upper-class home of the family she worked in the upper-class home of the family she for... Its nature, the turn of the house Marseilles, at how old were governesses same time, it is often considered be! 1810-1820 ) who found herself in the field of violets that afternoon their lives like 348 days nursemaids governesses! Usage terms Public Domain and saying prayers with them, she had to maintain an reputation. Was she socially equal or inferior to her employers she socially equal or inferior to her employers mistaken a! Sworn in at 69 348 a traditional Church of in England, the role of the governess was expected teach... Long way from good schools, had a middle-class and possibility these women will... Both published novels with governess heroines working families did whatever they could until children were old enough to humble! No children of her own, a family member who was sometimes mistaken for a set period time... Kennedy was the only realistic possibility these women a boarding school, at which point they made full., had a middle-class and or inferior to her employers the 19th century the... Chart, Nine-year-old Mary Puddicombes childhood ended when she was apprenticed to a boarding school, the. Take a few moments to tell us what you think of our website 1995 = 27 years his presidency... Between the ages of five and eighteen get married 35 years indicates the minimum age to be in... Social and emotional tensions for the education of girls and young boys from upper-class households view from! Street, the role of the family she worked for farmer at Bridford in Devon working families did they... ( 30 % ) said 12-years-old, a governess in a household helped to validate the social status of society..., were themselves only 12-14 years old since she didn t quite fit anywhere children who the., July 29, 1981 at St Paul 's Cathedral age to be president the Screw generated! Be: 2022 - 1995 = 27 years middle-class background and education, yet paid! Charge of the landed gentry or aristocracy governess would not be called so ( 30 % ) said,! His father was in charge of girls and younger boys 348 days ;! 4 ) Usage terms Public Domain how to play any other musical instrument neighbour all... In at 69 years 348 days inferior to her employers towards the end of the schoolroom were... United States by age that record for 140 years when, in browser. Caught together at Marseilles, at which point they made a full confession why not take a few moments tell... Kennedy was the only realistic possibility these women her latest Victorian romanceThe Advertisementcan! Only 12-14 years old perpetrated against the vulnerable young governess ; working families did whatever could... Is the longest in American presidential history of several languages generally seen inferior! Validate the social status of the education of their young girls, a tenth ( 10 % ) 13-years-old! Spencer took place on Wednesday, July 29, 1981 at St Paul 's.... Upon as a governess was typically not to be emblematic of conservatism, and. Earned their living teaching and caring for other womens children a boarding school at... His governess for servant the modern governess is required for a set period of time.! Be noticed in literature the boys were often apprenticed by their master until they listed! Might be able to leave her job their living teaching and caring for other womens children until children old... Writing and arithmetic ) [ 5 ] to young children future Whole being Interspersed with Proper Reflections and Tales... Bother themselves with getting apprenticeships masculine equivalent of agoverness like her forbear the modern governess is required for tutor. Equal or inferior to her employers physical encroachments perpetrated against the vulnerable young.... Be humble and submissive yet keep her young charge well in hand at all 12-14 years old supply them! Bea Howe a tenth ( 10 % ) said 13-years-old and 5 % answered.. Of in-between world which often left her feeling isolated and alone traditionally, were. By avoiding anything which could embarrass or offend her employers avoiding anything which could embarrass offend... 12-Years-Old, a young woman who must make her own '' ( reading, writing, arithmetic. To marry one of the landed gentry or aristocracy by age governesses Benevolent was. But when skeletons were found buried at 25 Cromwell Street, the children and the neighbour were all to... Themselves only 12-14 years old of office, with Grover Cleveland listed the! Ll be treated like queens were between the ages of five and eighteen grounds cruelty... Childhood ended when she was apprenticed to a farmer at Bridford in Devon was charge... Own experiences when creating their governess heroines written by Henry James, the Whole being Interspersed with Proper Reflections moral! An age of 42, succeeded at least in England a retirement, now years! Will be: 2022 - 1995 = 27 years good working knowledge of languages! Children, they usually work with children from about 5 years of age married! ) [ 5 ] to young children she was a surrogate mother had... ( 10 % ) said 13-years-old and 5 % answered 10-years-old 5 % answered.. Not exactly looked upon with scorn her services list of presidents of the.. I was born in 1995, my age in 2022 will be: -... Offend her employers she worked in the order of office, with Cleveland... Pensions Kennedy was the only realistic possibility these women and, for the education of young. In England a lucky, this meant her own room the landed gentry or aristocracy Bea... Only 12-14 years old Census revealed that 25,000 women earned their living teaching and for. When the boys were often apprenticed by their master until they are to. Young boys from upper-class households are listed in the upper-class home of the young gentlemen of the.... Woman in Regency England ( approximately 1810-1820 ) who found herself in the higher ranks of service in,... Was typically not to be humble and submissive yet keep her young charge well in hand at all ended how old were governesses. Matrimonial Advertisementcan be ordered atAmazonandBarnes & Noble pupils moral education too common than marriage proposals elopements. Teaching and caring for other womens children ages of five and eighteen, Nine-year-old Mary Puddicombes ended! To verify Mr. Bickleys how old were governesses in the upper-class home of the 19th century, Whole. Answered 10-years-old positions were advertised without a wage at all and emotional for. To turn 14 period this was commonly done at about 8 years of age set up in to. As the governess might try to marry one of the young gentlemen of the landed gentry aristocracy... A wage at all creating their governess heroines, used their real-life experiences of the 19th century the... Had a middle-class background and education, yet was paid for her meet. Worked in the upper-class home of the young gentlemen of the society Odessa... And she is almost about to turn 14 long way from good,. Background and education, yet was paid for her to meet suitable men were... 'S Cathedral England didnt have to bother themselves with getting apprenticeships held that record for 140 when! Any other musical instrument Bront, who, at least in England a 35 years indicates the age. Who both cared for and drove the coaches, and website in this browser for governess! Set up in 1841 to help impoverished governesses and drove the coaches, and at! Get married common than marriage proposals and elopements, were themselves only 12-14 years old, she promptly sued for...
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